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The starting point for the definition of R&D are activities that fall to be treated as R&D in accordance with GAAP (see D1.403) and then this is subject to further Treasury regulations¹. The regulations are in the form of guidelines titled 'Guidelines on the Meaning of Research and Development for Tax Purposes' issued by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry on 28 July 2000 and rewritten in 2004 (and amended subsequently at various stages). These guidelines were referred to as the DTI guidelines as they were originally issued by the Department for Trade and Industry, with the change in name of that department they have subsequently been known as the BIS or BEIS guidelines. In this article they are referred to as the BEIS guidelines. On 7 March 2023, the BEIS guidelines were updated to allow pure mathematics to qualify as R&D for tax purposes for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 April 2023 (for corporation tax purposes) and for the 2023/24 tax year onwards (for income tax and CGT purposes)². The